Retinol (Vitamin A)

Key points

• Retinol converts to retinoic acid in the skin — binds to nuclear receptors and directly regulates gene expression for collagen synthesis
• Proven to reduce fine lines, improve texture, increase cell turnover, and fade pigmentation — the most evidence-backed topical
• Start at 0.025–0.05% to build tolerance; use every 2–3 nights initially, then nightly
• Always apply at night — retinol is photodegraded by UV and increases photosensitivity; sunscreen is non-negotiable
• Purging (initial breakout) is normal for 4–6 weeks — do not stop; this is cellular turnover accelerating