Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

Key points

• Inhibits melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes — reduces hyperpigmentation and dark spots without inhibiting melanin production
• Increases ceramide synthesis — strengthens the skin barrier, reduces transepidermal water loss
• Anti-inflammatory — reduces redness, acne, and sensitivity; can be used alongside retinol unlike vitamin C
• 5% concentration is the sweet spot — above 10% can cause flushing in some people
• Water-soluble — apply on clean skin before oils or moisturisers; very stable and compatible with most other actives